Factors Influencing Accuracy of Interpersonal Perception

Factors Influencing Accuracy of Interpersonal Perception What factors influence the accuracy of interpersonal perception  and the judgments we make about other people? Within the social environment, interpersonal perception is used frequently to make judgments about other people. The accuracy of these can have considerable bearing in a business context, affecting, for example, whether a colleague is considered trustworthy or an individual motivated enough to warrant managerial training. These are clearly important decisions which could prove detrimental to an organisation if incorrect, yet for a number of reasons, assessments of other people may be quite inaccurate. By recognising such risks, the organisation may be able to develop strategies to help ensure more effective decision-making and operations. Establishing the accuracy of social judgments is highly complex and perhaps impossible (Pennington 1993: 108). Most such assessments have a culturally situated element: they are made in socio-cultural contexts that influence what might be correct. For example, Saucier and Goldberg (2001), who have carried out research in the applicability of personality testing in different nations, find that terms used to describe personality do not have equivalents in all languages, resulting in a need to recognise different personality frameworks from region to region. Various cognitive phenomena have been identified that may also compromise accuracy. Stereotyping, for example, is identified by Huczynski and Buchanan (1991: 48) as present in interpersonal perception, and involves attributing particular qualities to an individual on the basis of limited information using prior knowledge and experience. The tendency to stereotype has been attributed to cognitive economy (Pennington 1993: 115-6). Because the environment is so rich in information, the cognitive processing capabilities of the mind struggle to respond to it all. Stereotyping allows a detailed assessment to be created from limited information processing, making fewer cognitive demands. However, because a large proportion of information is overlooked, stereotyping can lead to significant inaccuracies. The related concept of prejudice is described by Goleman as â€Å"emotional learning that takes place early in life† (1996: 157). Goleman notes that nevertheless, individuals typically deny prejudices and attempt to justify prejudiced decisions by formulating alternative reasons for them (ibid). This perhaps reflects the cognitive dissonance of wishing to appear reasonable within a context where prejudice is unacceptable while nevertheless holding such beliefs. This results in a situation where not only do prejudices lead to inaccurate assessments, but also the reasoning behind the assessments is itself inaccurate. The fundamental attribution error (FAE), described as â€Å"the tendency to attribute another person’s behaviour to their dispositional qualities rather than situational factors† (Langdridge and Butt 2004: 359), has been widely researched by psychologists working in the social cognitive tradition. In Western cultures, the FAE is reflected by a scenario where a worker blames having to de-ice their car (a situational factor) before driving to work for their lateness, while their employer may see it as a reflection that the worker is poorly organised (a dispositional factor). Again, cultural factors are influential: it has been found that in the US, dispositional biases are widespread while in East Asia a more holistic approach is taken (Norenzayan and Nisbett 2000: 132), resulting in the FAE being less commonly seen in eastern cultures (ibid). Huczynski and Buchanan (1991 48-9) suggest that if interpersonal judgments are to be more accurate, then it is important to be self-aware and recognise one’s own biases. However, even this process demands culturally-situated reflexivity and may be subject to similar inaccuracies. For example, Seligman finds that the majority of individuals overestimate their social skills, with the most accurate self-perception being among those with depression (1990: 109-110). This may suggest that a positively distorted view of oneself is advantageous to well-being, and that its abundance leads to poor evaluation of others because of individuals’ inability to recognise their own weakness of judgment. A further factor to consider is whether judgments are made by individuals or socially. Gleitman identifies the mechanism of social comparison as important in making judgments: this involves establishing what others’ views might be in order to help form a judgment (1995: 418). Group dynamics were explored extensively by Tajfel, who notes several characteristics of stereotyping in group situations with, for example, role stereotypes are more often applied by groups to themselves (the in-group) while ethnic stereotypes are more often applied to out-groups, the groups which are not part of the in-group (1982: 5-6). Additionally, if one member of a group stands out from the others, the tendency of the rest of the members is to stereotype them more actively (ibid: 8). The mechanisms by which judgments are made may contribute towards inconsistencies between individuals making them. Comparison is fundamental to assessment, according to Mussweiler (2003) who argues that this is done against a standard already established by the judge. Because of individual variations, different judges would be likely to use different standards, leading to different assessments. Comparison against low standards may lead to the ‘halo’ effect, where an individual is seen more positively than might be warranted (Huczynski and Buchanan 1991: 48). Another issue is the use of formalised models that may have limited flexibility and overcategorise. This is particularly relevant when applying theoretical constructs in the workplace. For example, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs suggests that individuals move up through different levels of need as each lower level is satisfied (Maslow 1943). It has been criticised for its implication that one need will take precedence (Hersey et al 1996: 45), but it is possible that for some individuals, higher needs may be of little interest even when lower needs are satisfied. The challenge emerging from the above evidence is to establish whether it is possible to minimise risks of poor judgment through conscious effort to overcome the cognitive mechanisms leading to biases. While it is possible that formal controls such as empirically-tested measures could help, there are still issues of the informal judgment of one individual when introduced to another, not to mention the practicalities and ethical issues regarding testing. Overall, this appears to be an area where inaccuracies and biases may always be influential to some degree, thus awareness may be the best approach to preventing them having a detrimental effect on the organisation. Bibliography Gleitman H (1995) Psychology 4th Edition (New York/London: W W Norton and Company) Goleman D (1996) Emotional Intelligence (London: Bloomsbury) Hersey P, Blanchard K and Johnson D (1996) Management of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources 7th Edition (New Jersey: Prentice Hall International) Huczynski A and Buchanan D (1991) Organizational Behaviour 2nd Edition (Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall International) Langdridge D and Butt T (2004) ‘The fundamental attribution error: A phenomenological critique’ in British Journal of Social Psychology Vol 43 pp357-369 Maslow A (1943) ‘A Theory of Human Motivation’ in Psychological Review Vol 50 pp370-96 Mussweiler T (2003) ‘Comparison Processes in Social Judgment: Mechanisms and Consequences’ in Psychological Review Vol 110 (3) pp472-489 Norenzayan A and Nisbett R (2000) ‘Culture and Causal Cognition’ in Current Directions in Psychological Science Vol 9 (4) pp132-135 Pennington D (1993) Essential Social Psychology (London: Edward Arnold) Saucier G and Goldberg L (2001) ‘Lexical Studies of Indigenous Personality Factors: Premises, Products and Prospects’ in Journal of Personality Vol 69 (6) pp847-879 Seligman M (1990) Learned Optimism (New York: Simon and Schuster) Tajfel H (1982) ‘Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations’ in Annual Review of Psychology Vol 33 pp1-39

Measurement Tools for Elder Abuse and Neglect Essay

Elder Assessment Instrument (EAI) is a 41-item Likert scale instrument which consists of seven sections that reviews signs, symptoms and subjective complaints of elder abuse, neglect, exploitation, and abandonment (Fulmer, 2008, p. 1). The EAI can be used in any clinical setting to detect elder abuse and neglect and is accomplished by a professional such as a caregiver, emergency doctor or practitioner. The seven sections are General Assessment (5 items), Possible Abuse Indicators (7 items), Possible Neglect Indicators (14 items), Possible Exploitation Indicators (6 items), Possible Abandonment Indicators (4 items) and Summary (5 items), each section accompanied with an area for comments and follow-up. The summary section directs the user to indicate the likelihood of the presence of each type of mistreatment. The summary is derived from clinical interpretations of the findings in the previous sections. (Fulmer, et al, 2004; Fulmer, 2008). Permission is given to download a copy of the EAI only for non-profit educational purposes from the website of The Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, College of Nursing, New York University, and only if the Institute is cited as the source. Copy of the instrument can be purchased from the Clearinghouse on Abuse and Neglect of the Elderly (CANE). Indicators of Abuse (IOA) The IOA is a 29-item in-home assessment tool (12 abuse risk items about the caregiver, 15 abuse risk items about the care receiver, and 2 demographic questions) used by professionals to determine incidences of elder abuse. Focusing on mental and psychosocial attributes of both caregiver and care receiver, it examines three dimensions of elder abuse: the intrapersonal problems and issues of the caregiver, interpersonal problems of the caregiver, and support issues and history of abuse of the elder. (Cohen, et al. , 2006, p. 663; University of California at Berkeley, School of Social Welfare – BASSC, 2007, p. 7). Although it is not intended for diagnostic purposes, professionals use the IOA to unreported incidences of elder abuse for timely intervention. Research Findings EAI Revised in 2008, the EAI has been used since the early 1980’s and in health care settings such as in the emergency department (Fulmer, et al, 2000; as cited in Fulmer, 2004) and in an acute hospital setting (Carr, et al, 1986; as cited in Fulmer, 2004). Psychometric results show that the EAI, like other popular screening instruments (the EAI is one of the three most frequently cited elder mistreatment tools), lack evidences of overall validity and reliability as it has not been used in a variety of clinical settings (BASSC, 2007, p. 7), however, it is reported that it has a relatively high internal consistency reliability at 0. 84 (Cronbach’s alpha) and test-retest reliability at 0. 83 (Fulmer, 2008, p. 1) Other psychometric data for EAI show its content validity index at 0. 83, interrater agreement at 0. 83, sensitivity at 71%, and specificity at 93% (Fulmer, et al. , 2004, p. 299). IOA The items of the IOA were evaluated for content and construct validity by a multidisciplinary panel. In the original study conducted by the developers of the instrument and which involved 341 participants results show that the IOA was successful in correctly identifying 84. 4% of abuse cases and 99. 2% of non-abuse cases (Reis and Nahmiash,1998, p. 1). Psychometric studies on the IOA show very high internal consistency of . 91 and . 92 (Cronbach’s alpha). Studies also show divergent, concurrent and construct related evidence of validity as it is able to discriminate abuse from non-abuse (BASSC, 2007, p. 9). Clinical Utility EAI The use of EAI in the emergency department has shown auspicious results in abuse identification and reporting (Fulmer, et al. , 2004, p. 299). Although the EAI meets practicality concerns because it can be administered only from 12-15 minutes, it is reported to be weak on scoring system and specificity (Fulmer, et al; 2004). The EAI is expected to be more advantageous than open-ended instruments that are time-consuming. Another strength of the EAI is that it able to make the clinician more sensitive to screening for elder mistreatment and be more receptive to abuse indicators (Fulmer, 2004; Fulmer, 2008). IOA The IOA is an effective tool in identifying abuse risk even before it is reported allowing for timely and exigent intervention (Cohen, et al. , 2006, p. 663). Data show that its use in health and social services organizations has led to the identification of 78% to 84% abuse cases (Wolf, 2000; as cited in Fulmer, et al. , 2004, p. 299). One limitation of the tool however is that it is a subjective evaluation focusing only on indicators (Cohen, et al. , 2006, p. 664). Since it is administered through open clinical interview, differences in interview and evaluation skills of the administrators may pose discrepancies in observations (Cohen, et al. , 2006, p. 664). Another weakness is that it takes around two to three hours to finish the assessment. Because of its length, Fulmer, et al. (2004) assert that the IOA is appropriate for research studies but may pose difficulties in medical and social service settings. Conclusion Both EAI and the E-IOA are clear about the type of risk being assessed, e. g. risk to a victim’s well-being and safety, hence, they are good instruments to be administered in nursing facilities. Elderly people are very vulnerable to abuse and neglect not only by their families. It has also been found out that elder mistreatment could also happen in nursing facilities. It is reported that nurses and caregivers sometimes are the perpetrators of the abuse ((McLafferty & Morrison, 2004; Nahmiash and Reis; 2000). Other instruments that measure elder abuse and neglect are the following: 1. Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) 2. Brief Abuse Screen for the Elderly (BASE) 3. Hwalek-Sengstock Elder Abuse Screening Test (H-S/EAST) 4. Based on the list an aggregate list of instruments that could screen or measure elderly neglect, the following are also being considered for inclusion in my study: References Cohen, M. , et al. (2006). Development of a screening tool for identifying elderly people at risk of abuse by their caregivers. The Journal of Aging and Health. 18: 660-686. Retrieve September 25, 2008 from http://jah. sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/18/5/660. University of California at Berkeley, School of Social Welfare (BASSC). (2007). Instruments for assessing elder mistreatment: implications for adult protective services. Evidence for Practice: An Executive Summary, No. 9, Sept 2007. Retrieved March 9, 2009 from, http://cssr. berkeley. edu/research_units/bassc/documents/C61602_9_web. pdf. Fulmer, T. (2008). Elder mistreatment assessment. The Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing. No. 15, Retrieved September 28, 2008 from, http://www. hartfordign. org/publications/trythis/issue15. pdf. Fulmer, T. , et al. (2004). Progress in elder abuse screening and assessment instruments. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. Vol 52, No 2. Retrieved September 25, 2008 from http://jah. sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/18/5/660.. McLafferty, I. and Morrison, F. (2004). Attitudes towards hospitalized older adults.

The New Fuss About Help on Research Papers

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Generational Difference in the Attitude of Immigrants Essay

There are many factors that contribute to what attitude an immigrant is going to have on their newfound home. Some think the most important thing is their economic outlook, some their religious beliefs, but for most, it is as simple as when they were born. Out of any factor, the generational difference has the largest affect on the approach the immigrants have on their new country, which in many cases is the United States. The generational difference is the largest determining factor because of the impressionability of children, the established identity that the adults must change, and the attachment to the old country that is stronger in some than others. It cannot be said for sure that a certain generation is the â€Å"better† immigrant, but†¦show more content†¦When it comes to culture, the children are the first to adopt it. The new society and all it has to offer captivates them. Like Gogol and his sister, they want to eat all the food from America, they want all the new toys, and they want to be American. In Crossing Over by Ruben Martinez, the fancy shoes and clothes that come from America captivate many young Mexicans that cannot wait to go cross the border themselves. They want to be like the â€Å"migrant boys and their brand-new sneakers and cooler-than-cool beanies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (87). More so than adults, kids are mesmerized by a flashy society that has newer and better things to offer. Other than what the society has to offer, kids are often benefited by a more tolerant age. Many immigrants are treated poorly whether it be at the hand of racism or stereotypes. This can really turn people off the American society and taint the image of the average American. It is often said that kids are colorblind, and that very much holds true to different races, whether it be Asian, Latino, or African. Adults can face discrimination when it comes to the way they talk or dress, but children usually avoid this. Then, by the time they are adults, th ey have assimilated very well the American culture and blend right in. Adults usually have a harder time adjusting to the new culture. Many times, they simply do not want to have anything to do with a new culture because they already have an identity with the culture of their past home.Show MoreRelatedMy Cohort Of The United States997 Words   |  4 Pagesto understand our current generations and previous generations. Understanding generations’ differences can help us when serving the clients. Human service workers will be meeting clients not only from different cultures but also from different generation cohorts. Generation cohorts usually define as grouping people together who born 12-15 years apart and have common experiences. There are five generational cohort groupings: Silent Generation, Baby Boomers, Generation X, Millennial Generation (GenerationRead MoreEarly Generation Vietnamese Americans : An Investigation On Attitudes1749 Words   |  7 PagesHeritage Language Maintenance in Second-Generation Vietnamese Americans: an Investigation on Attitudes Chi Phan ERE220 Spring 2017 California State University, Fresno Lit ¬erature review This study investigates the attitudes of second-generation Vietnamese Americans towards Vietnamese language maintenance. The purpose of this literature review is (1) to describe the theoretical framework of the study and (2) to analyze and summarize current research on the problem of practice. In terms of the theoreticalRead MoreOvercoming Obstacles in a Diverse Workplace1241 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States were immigrants from other countries including Italy, Russia, and Ireland. Each of the members from these countries spoke different languages, came from different cultures, and had different customs and work ethics. Acceptance to them was fought for in the workplace in industries such as coal, steel, automobile manufacturing, and other labor forces. This type of struggle still continues today in the workplace from cultural differences, and language differences to racial and genderRead MoreGender And Academic Performance Among College Students1489 Words   |  6 Pagesassociated with more negative academic attitudes among Latino immigrant children who attended predominantly White schools and children who attended moderately diverse schools. However, there was no association between academic attitudes and teacher discrimination for children who attended predominan tly Latino schools. Also, at predominantly Latino schools that valued perceptions of discrimination, ethnic identity, and diversity had no relation to academic attitudes. Although at these schools childrenRead MoreThe Gap Between Generation Y And The Baby Boomer Generation1350 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology of Education at the University of South Africa. The article is titled â€Å"Bridging the communication gap between Generation Y and the Baby Boomer generation. The purpose of this research was to answer one key research question: â€Å"How can the generational communication gap between the Baby Boomer generation and Generation Y be closed in order to allow them to have meaningful interpersonal communication?† According to Venter (2016), meaningful communication between the Baby boomer generation andRead MoreDistinguishing Generation Gaps1537 Words   |  7 Pagesgaps There are several ways to make distinctions between generations. For example, names are given to major groups and each generation sets its own trends and has its own cultural impact. Language Use Generations can be distinguished by the differences in their language use. 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The middleRead MoreThe Migration Of Diaspora And Diaspora Studies Essay1727 Words   |  7 Pagesthe characters of the Indian origin and immigrants in the USA in The Namesake, the novel written by Jhumpa Lahiri. The Namesake makes it the best kind of ready reference to classify Diaspora as the term ‘Diaspora’ and its role in the present era, the life of first and second generation immigrants and their struggle for identity and belongingness are well articulated through the plot and characters. The fact that Jhumpa Lahiri is the child of Indian immigrants when she migrates from England (where sheRead MoreDiversity Management1730 Words   |  7 Pagespractices refer to efforts organizations engage in to provide an inclusive corporate culture that values differences and promotes opportunities for all employees. Traditionally, diversity programs have focused mostly on race and gender and other physical dimensions. However, today ¡Ã‚ ¦s definition of diversity covers a broad spectrum of individual and group differences ranging from work styles and generational perspectives to political and religious preferences. The illustration below represents how diversityRead MoreMulticulturalism Surrounded External And Internal Interactions.1796 Words   |  8 Pagesgeneralized standards. Berry (2005) highlights the differences and interactions between group level and individual level processes and how they influence acculturation. He defined acculturation as â€Å"the dual process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between two or more cultural groups and their individual members.† (pg. 698). This interaction between cultures leads to the shaping of behaviors and attitudes of that person. There are some presumptions that acculturation

A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen - 868 Words

In most societies, the person who holds the most money is considered to hold the most power. In the case of the household, the person who holds the most power is the person who handles the money, and in our man-centric world, it is usually the man who holds both money and power. In Henrik Ibsens play A Doll’s House, the theme of money is used to establish power roles between the characters of the play, and how the theme contributes to typical gender roles in the 19th century. A womans duty in the 19th century was to exhibit â€Å"piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity,† This was the â€Å"cult of true Domesticity† in the 19th century (Radek). Depending on their social class, women in the 19th century were seldom allowed to handle money. Lower class women, however, were allowed to work as servants in a masters home, nannies, factory workers, and in dire situations, prostitutes, but most strived for family centered jobs (Radek). The protagonist, Nora Helmer is characterized as the perfect doll wife, one that keeps the home presentable for her husband and takes care of the children. She fits the innocent stereotype of 19th century women in the play, with her childlike nature and her slightly ditzy behavior. Torvald Helmer, Nora’s husband, is characterized as the head of the household, who works and is in charge of legal matters and managing money. Torvald can be seen as the antagonist in the play, because he keeps Nora below him with his nicknames for her, like â€Å"LittleShow MoreRelatedDoll’s House by Henrik Ibsen1126 Words   |  4 PagesHenrik Ibsen wrote the book, Doll’s House, in the late 1870s about the life of the common woman in Norway during the 1870s. The book gave society an inside of look of the life women in general. Woman during this time were oppressed and men were contemptuous towards women. Women that opposed their husband were considered mentally insane and sent to a mental institution. The book is about a domesticated woman named Nora. Nora lives in a house with her husband and their three kids. Nora main job toRead MoreA Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen1725 Words   |  7 Pagessuffrage, took place from 1848-1920. In the drama A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, readers are presented with what seems to be the perfect little American dream home. Anti-feminist values are presented immediately in the first scenes of the play and carry out until the end. The play was writte n in 1879, a time when the feminist movement was just starting to take shape and become well known. The drama A Doll’s House has feminist themes that indicate Henrik Ibsen to be a supporter of the feminist movement throughRead MoreA Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen1492 Words   |  6 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen was written in 1879 during the Victorian Era. The story is written as a play to be performed on stage. 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Throughout the play, Ibsen focuses on Nora’s characterization and experiences and thus this leads the reader to perceive her as the protagonistRead MoreA Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen1556 Words   |  7 Pagesprevalent in a variety of literary selections. This paper will focus on animal imagery in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House by using the reader response strategy. In the play A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen, animal imagery is used in the development of the main character Nora. It is also later found that the animal imagery is a critical part in understanding who Nora is and how other characters perceive her. Ibsen uses creative animal imagery to develop Noras character throughout the play. The animalRead MoreA Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen1829 Words   |  7 Pages Henrik Ibsen, writer of his most famed play A Doll’s House. Ibsen emphasizes on small-town life in this play. A Doll’s House takes place in the 1880s in Europe/Norway and based on a married couple, Torvald Nora, who are considered to be middle class. The main character Nora in Ibsen’s play, A Doll’s House, seems to give this false installment of her identity. She is both unpredictable and childlike. The entire first and second act she spends giving this hidden subtext that she is unreliableRead MoreA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesIn Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House, pointedly captures the reality of the Victorian Era within the play. Nora Helmer, the protagonist of the story, represents the typical women in society during that era. The audience’s first impression of Nora is a money obsessed, childish, obedient house wife to her husband, Torvald Helmer. However, as the play progresses one can see that Nora is far from being that typical ideal trophy wife, she is an impulsive liar who goes against society’s norm to be whomRead More A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen Essay842 Words   |  4 PagesA Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen â€Å"A dolls house† was written by Henrik Ibsen and produced by famous actors during the time of the 1800’s; in fact it was the year of 1879 to be precise. It was around this time that many different Social, cultural and historical moments were changing through time, leaving the end result to change not only one country but had an effect on most of the world. For this section of the work I will be carefully discussing with you the issues of; * Social events Read More A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Essay1111 Words   |  5 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen The play â€Å"A Doll’s House† by Henrik Ibsen is about a wife that is hiding a big secret from her overprotective husband. The play takes place on Christmas Eve till the day after Christmas. Nora Helmer and Torvald Helmer have been married for 8 years, yet Nora is hiding something from Torvald that she thinks would ruin everything if he found out. It opens up with Nora coming home and decorating the house for Christmas and making preparations. They have 3 children:Read MoreA Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen834 Words   |  3 PagesMr. Krogstad, a former employee of Torvald is the leading antagonist in A Doll House. He clearly has an agenda and a lust for power. Krogstad’s lust for power gives the reader a sense of subtle rage because Krogstad only wants what’s best for him and his family but he exploits Nora for his own gain. Krogstad advances the plot by controlling Nora through a loan, while illuminating both main characters, and reinforcing the themes of confusion and lost love. Krogstad influences the plot in a very

Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4 Free Essays

string(71) " was not reflect the actual component of serum protein in human serum\." LIFS 2720 – Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4 Serum Electrophoresis Using Cellulose Acetate Name: CHAN Kin Yan ID:20094186 Group No. 9 Date of Experiment: 1st March 2012 Abstract Electrophoresis is a useful tool to separate components in a mixture based on their charges and differential mobility. Proteins are electrically charged. We will write a custom essay sample on Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now When put under an electric field, proteins with different mobility migrates towards the electrode at different speed. The rate of mobility is determined by the balance between the driving force and the frictional force. The higher the rate of mobility, the closer the serum proteins move to the anode. In the experiment of cellulose acetate zonal electrophoresis, barbital buffer and bromophenol blue were used in the steps of sample loading and staining of membrane. The result showed that serum albumin has the highest concentration, followed by ? Globulin, ? Globulin and ? 2 Globulin indicated by the colour intensity of the bands and peaks on the chromatogram. Also, the smaller the protein, the nearer to the anode due to the smaller resistance. So, serum albumin had the smallest size and ? Globulin had the largest size accordingly. 5 peaks should be observed in the chromatogram but our result had only 4 peaks. It was believed that the peak for ? 1 Globulin was missing as it had low concentration and similar size with ? 2 Globulin, so the peak was not visible. Various types of diseases like Multiple Myeloma and Sickle Cell Anemia can be diagnosis by many different forms of electrophoresis in laboratory. Introduction Separating serum proteins is a useful diagnostic tool and it is also a way to monitor clinical progress. Serum proteins are proteins that present in blood erum. They serve many functions, including transport of lipids, hormones and vitamins in the circulatory system, etc. Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, regulatory proteins and clotting factors are the five families in serum protein. In this experiment, only albumins and globulins were focused. 55% and 38% of blood proteins contains serum albumin and globulins respectively. Serum albumin maintains the osmoti c pressure of plasma so as to assist the transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Globulins transport ions, hormones and lipids assisting in immune function. Proteins are electrically charged and they migrate towards the electrode when placed under an electric field. So, electrophoresis is a valuable tool to separate proteins in blood by exploiting their differential mobility in the electric field. The negatively charged proteins move to anode, a positive terminal and the rate of mobility of different serum proteins is determined by the balance between the driving force and the frictional force acting on them. The higher the rate of mobility, the closer the serum proteins move to the anode, Therefore, different serum proteins are separated in the electrophoresis. In this experiment, cellulose acetate zonal electrophoresis was used as it can be applied to a wide variety of clinical electrophoresis including haemoglobin, serum protein and urine proteins with low molecular weight. This setup containing three main components which were DC power supply, electrophoresis chamber and supporting medium. The DC power supply provided a constant voltage and electric field producing a driving force to drive the protein serums and so separated five serum proteins into distinctive electrophoresis bands. Analyzing of the electrophoresis band by Quantiscan gave a chromatogram so as to differentiate and identify the serum proteins. Barbital buffer was used to stabilize pH environment during the electrophoresis process. The buffer applied should be unreactive with serum proteins so as to give the accurate result. Tracking dye Bromophenol blue was used to monitor the process and as it is negatively charged at pH 8. 6, it migrated the same direction with the serum protein so the locations of the serum protein was stained. Materials and Methods Sample loading First, the cellulose membrane was saturated with barbital buffer and the buffer saturated membrane was transferred to a filter paper. Then, a pencil line was drawn on the membrane. Human serum containing bromophenol blue dye was applied along the pencil line. Next, the membrane was placed into the electrophoretic tank and the machine was started. Staining of membrane First, the membrane was stained by Ponceau-S and then it was de-stained by acetic acid for three times. Next, water was removed in the membrane by absolute and cleaned by ethanol acetic acid. The membrane was placed on the glass plate without bubbles trapped. Finally, the membrane was placed in the oven and analyzed by the Quantiscan. Results [pic] Figure 1 Photograph of the electrophoretic membrane |Serum Protein |*Color intensity |Color | |Serum Albumin |+++++ |Deep red | |? 1 Globulin | Not applicable | |? Globulin |+ |Pink | |? Globulin |++ |Pale red | |? Globulin |+++ |Red | Table 1 Table of analysis of the membrane The band color intensities represented the relative concentration of the serum proteins. The stronger the color intensity of the band of that serum protein, the higher concentration of that protein. With above explanation that serum albumin had the highest concentration, followed by ? Globulin, ? Globulin and ? 2 Globulin. Figure 3 Chromatogram of the serum proteins The peak heights of the graph also represented the relative concentration of the serum proteins. The higher the peak, the higher the concentration of the serum proteins. This agreeed with the above explanation that the concentration of serum albumin was the highest followed by ? Globulin, ? Globulin and ? 2 Globulin in the membrane. [pic] Figure 4 Scanning of the electrophoretic membrane There were 4 bands identified in the scanning and 4 peaks in the chromatogram. With reference to Y-axis, they were serum albumin, ? 2 Globulin, ? Globulin and ? Globulin accordingly. As different serum proteins have different sizes, they move at different rates under electrophoresis. The smaller the protein, the farer the get away from the starting point (200 in the Y-axis) due to the smaller resistance. Therefore, serum albumin had the smallest size and ? Globulin had the largest size accordingly. Discussion It was predicted that 5 peaks will be observed in the chromatogram. However, only 4 peaks were shown in the result. Our result was not reflect the actual component of serum protein in human serum. You read "Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4" in category "Essay examples" It was believed that the peak for ? 1 Globulin was missing. Its peak should lie between the position of serum albumin and ? 2 globulin but it was not clearly observed. As the peak heights of the graph represented the relative concentration of the serum proteins. The higher the peak, the higher the concentration of the serum proteins. Therefore, this was probably because the concentration of ? 1 globulin was low so it cannot be detected and analyzed clearly. Moreover, as different serum proteins have different sizes, they move at different rates under electrophoresis. The smaller the protein, the farer the get away from the starting point (200 in the Y-axis) due to the smaller resistance. Since the size of ? 1 globulin and ? 2 globulin are similar, they are not separated completely due to their similar mobility and so their peaks are fused. In addition, the use of low voltage in the electrophoresis, the serum proteins in sample cannot separate completely leading to the unobvious peak in ? globulin. The rate of mobility of a protein under an electric field is determined by the balance between the driving force and the resisting force acting on the molecule. The driving force depends on four factors which are the number and kind of charges per molecules, the degree of dissociation of the molecules in the buffer, the magnitude of the electrical field and the temperature. While the driving force is the force allowing the protein to migrate, the resisting force is an opposite force opposing the movement of the protein. For the resisting force, it depends on another four factors which are the size and shape of the molecules, the viscosity of the medium, the ionic strength of the buffer and the solubility and adsorptive properties of the support medium. The higher the rate of mobility, the closer the serum proteins move to the anode, Therefore, different serum proteins are separated in the electrophoresis. The mobility of the proteins on the electrophoretic membrane can also be expressed by the equation. Molecular mobility ( µ) = Net ionic charge (q) / frictional coefficient (f) The proof is given as followed: Velocity of the molecule:v = Eq / f At constant electrical force:v = q / f Mobility ( µ) as velocity per electrical unit µ = v / E Substitute by v = Eq / f µ = Eq / Ef = q / f Besides, there are additional factors affecting electrophoretic mobility. As the mobility is independent to the strength of electric field due to the constant power supply (100V in this experiment), only the velocity of the molecules is affected. According to the equation v = Eq/f, the velocity of the serum protein increase as the electric field. Also, Shielding of migrating molecules by buffer ions is also one of the factors. Barbital buffer in this experiment was used as an electrolyte, a conducting solution. It acted as a buffer to stabilize the ionic environment and maintain pH in the electrophoresis so that the charge of the protein molecules would not change, i. e. , keeping the negative charge, during the process. Moreover, the electrophoretic mobility of the buffer counterions and the resolution of the gel will be affected by the choice of buffer. So, the buffer chosen should be unreactive and not modify or react with experimental serum proteins. For electrophoresis, it is basically the interaction between migrating molecules and supporting medium. The motion of dispersed particles is relative to the electrolyte under the influence of a uniform electric field. In addition tracking dye Bromophenol blue was used in this experiment to monitor the process and indicate the stopping time of the experiment as it travels more rapidly than the serum proteins in the supporting medium. Since bromophenol blue carries negative charges at pH 8. 6, it migrates with the serum protein in the same direction and the locations of the specific serum protein is indicated. There are different types of tracking dyes used in electrolysis for different purposes. For detection of proteins, silver staining is used. For detecting DNA, fluorescent dye or radioisotopes can be used. Major serum proteins are divided into two families which are albumin and globulins. There are four major types of globulins, each with specific properties and actions. For serum albumin, it carries steroid, fatty acids and thyroid hormones in blood and stabilizes extracellular fluid volume. It also acts as a major contributor of colloid osmotic pressure in plasma. For ? lobulin, including ? 1 globulin and ? 2 globulin, they inhibit certain blood  proteases and some of them functioned as enzyme and carrier of compounds. For ? Globulin, it also acts as enzyme and carrier of compounds in the body, e. g, plasminogen and properdin. For ? Globulin, it is a kind of immunoglobulin which is a subclass of antibodies to boost patient’s immunity against disease. Serum albumin maintains the osmotic pressure of plasma so as to assist the transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Globulins transport ions, hormones and lipids assisting in immune function. Various types of electrophoresis are used in diagnosis of diseases. For example, for Multiple Myeloma patients, a high serum protein, especially the concentration of globulins or immunoglobulin, is recorded in serum protein electrophoresis. If the globulin level is normal in established disease, protein electrophoresis of the blood and urine should be adopted to show the presence of a paraprotein band which is an abnormal immunoglobulin produced by the tumor clone. For the patient of Sickle Cell Anemia, Abnormal haemoglobin forms can be detected by haemoglobin electrophoresis which is a form of gel electrophoresis. In which, various types of haemoglobin move at different speeds are observed. Sickle-cell haemoglobin and haemoglobin C with sickling can be identified from the experiment. Besides paper electrophoresis was used in this experiment, many others forms of electrophoresis were invented. Agarose gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments ranging from 50 base pair to several megabases. The distance between DNA bands of a given length is determined by the percent agarose in the gel. As agarose gel is easily handled comparing to other matrices and gel setting is a physical rather than chemical change, samples are easily recovered. SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is a technique widely used in biochemistry, genetics and biotechnology to separate proteins according to their electrophoretic mobility. SDS is a detergent applied to a protein sample to linearize proteins. The binding of SDS to the polypeptide chain gives an even distribution of charge per unit mass, therefore, estimation of molecular weights of protein subunits can be completed by this electrophoresis. Citation 1. Shim, J. ; P. Dutta and C. F. Ivory (2007). â€Å"Modeling and simulation of IEF in 2-D microgeometries†. Electrophoresis  28: 527–586. 2. Hunter, R. J. (1989). Foundations of Colloid Science. Oxford University Press. 3. Jacobs JM  et al. (2005). â€Å"Utilizing human blood plasma for proteomic biomarker discovery†. Journal of Proteome Research  4  (4): 1073–1085. ———————– Serum albumin ? Globulin ?2 Globulin ? Globulin Serum albumin ?2 Globulin â„ ¢ C Globulin ? Globulin How to cite Introductory Biochemical Laboratory Lab Report 4, Essay examples

Organizational Management Statistical Process Control

Question: Discuss about the case study Organizational Management for Statistical Process Control. Answer: Introduction: The controlling process consists of the collection of the information about a system, procedure or an individual in order to make a crucial decision about each of them. I am working as an operation executive in LG, I analyzed that the controlling process will help the company to achieve its goals and objectives. One of the most important goals of LG is to generate financial profits and to address the social and the environmental issues. With the help of the controlling process, I will be able to set my performance standards in LG. As a result, I will be able to accomplish the goals in my company and also analyze the deviation. With the help of the controlling process I will be able to compare the actual activities with the standard of the performance. When the performance diverges from the standard set by LG, the controlling measures contributes to undertake the corrective measures that will help to solve the problem. With the help of the controlling, my motivation as an employee will increase. In order to increase the professional skills in my current job, I require acknowledging the controlling process. The controlling process is imperative in an organization as it helps to determine whether the organization is making use of the resources successfully as well as efficiently. A good controlling process will help to evaluate the system in the organization. Since, I am working in LG I need to enable the controlling process that will help me to understand about the energy monitoring. I will be able to understand about the optimum energy management with the help of the controlling process. The controlling process will also help me to identify the auto changeover process. With the help of this, I will be able to understand how the accurate control of temperature leads to an efficient usage of air conditioning system. As a result, this leads to the redundant loss of energy. The controlling and the monitoring group consist of those procedures that are performed in order to observe the execution of the project. This is mainly done in order to identify the potential issues that are identified promptly. The controlling process will help me to develop my professional skills in my current job. I will be able to execute the projects more accurately with the help of the controlling process. This is because the controlling process takes placing parallel with the Project Execution Process Group activities. The controlling process collects and measures the potential item that requires corrective action. As a result, I will be able to work more proficiently and deal with the interlocking control device. It will help to understand that how the control devices are interlinked intelligently to each other. This is mainly to achieve the optimal control process. Additionally, I have also learned about the schedule control. In the company I am working for, the schedule control will help to acknowledge that power on and off in a building can be time-scheduled so that the individuals do not have to manually control the energy each time. On the other hand, the building of the control can be managed by simply looking at the actual floor plan of the screen. This is also known as the visual navigation that is the part of the controlling process. The controlling process also involves the cost control procedure or the cost-effective facilities control. This helps to monitor and control the costs of the project budget. Controlling process will help me to upgrade my professional skills. It manages every production processes in LG with a minimal investment. This is perhaps the most effective controlling process, as it will help to save the budget of the company. The managing of the project team is also the part of the controlling process. This process will help to provide the technique to report performances by collecting and distributing the performance information. In order to execute the performance reporting, it is important to include the status reports and the progress report. I will be able to manage the communication of the stakeholders and will be able to ensure that the requirements of the stakeholders are met. The methods that are related to the statistical process control are intended to monitor the controlling and the monitoring process. The monitoring methods can be applied to the management of services with the help of the statistical process control. The process mainly focuses on the prevention of the problems before the problems take place. Substantial benefits can be capitulated by LG with the help of the statistical process control. However, the controlling process and the statistical process are not identical in nature. However, in order to eliminate the waste and to prevent the problems, the statistical process is very important.